# Sustaining executive functions during sleep deprivation: a comparison of caffeine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil

Killgore WDS, Kahn-Greene ET, Grugle NL, Killgore DB, Balkin TJ · Sleep 32(2):205–216 · 2009



## Key finding

Stimulants patch alertness but not higher-order judgement after sleep loss.



[Read the paper](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Sustaining+executive+functions+during+sleep+deprivation:+a+comparison+of+caffeine,+dextroamphetamine,+and+modafinil)

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Educational summary of published research, not medical advice. Screening scores are not diagnoses. If a score is elevated or you feel unwell, talk to a clinician.

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